Home  ›  The Field Guide Art of Roger Tory Peterson Eastern Birds

The Field Guide Art of Roger Tory Peterson Eastern Birds

Written By Thursday, May 5, 2022 Add Comment Edit

Species of bird

Chimney swift
Chimney swift overhead.jpg
Flying in Texas, United States

Conservation status


Vulnerable (IUCN 3.i)[ane]

Scientific classification edit
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Club: Apodiformes
Family: Apodidae
Genus: Chaetura
Species:

C. pelagica

Binomial proper noun
Chaetura pelagica

(Linnaeus, 1758)
map of the Americas showing yellow over much of eastern North America and dark blue in northwestern South America
Range of chimney swift

 Breeding range

 Wintering range
Synonyms

Hirundo pelagica protonym [ii]
Chaetura pelasgia Stephens, 1825 [2] [iii]

The chimney swift (Chaetura pelagica) is a bird belonging to the swift family Apodidae. A member of the genus Chaetura, it is closely related to both the Vaux's swift and the Chapman's swift; in the past, the three were sometimes considered to be conspecific. It has no subspecies. The chimney swift is a medium-sized, sooty grayness bird with very long, slender wings and very brusque legs. Like all swifts, it is incapable of perching, and can only cling vertically to surfaces.

The chimney swift feeds primarily on flight insects, but also on airborne spiders. It mostly mates for life. It builds a bracket nest of twigs and saliva stuck to a vertical surface, which is almost always a man-congenital construction, typically a chimney. The female person lays 4–5 white eggs. The altricial young hatch later 19 days and fledge a month later. The average chimney swift lives 4.six years.

Taxonomy and systematics [edit]

When Carl Linnaeus starting time described the chimney swift in 1758, he named it Hirundo pelagica , assertive it to be a swallow.[two] This misconception continued well into the 1800s, with ornithologists calling it "American Swallow" (e.thousand. Mark Catesby)[four] or "Chimney Swallow" (e.thou. John James Audubon).[5] In 1825, James Francis Stephens moved this and other small, brusque-tailed New World swifts to the genus Chaetura, where it has since remained, although some government in the 1800s assigned it to a variety of now obsolete genera.[vi] It has no subspecies.[vii] The chimney swift's closest relative is Vaux's swift. Scientists believe that the two species evolved from a common ancestor that was forced to North America's southeastern and southwestern corners past glacial advances. Separated for millennia by vast water ice sheets, the survivors evolved into ii species which are however separated past a wide gap across the continent'south midsection.[8] It is besides closely related to the Chapman's swift; in the by, the iii were sometimes treated as a single species.[9]

The chimney swift's genus name, Chaetura, is a combination of two Ancient Greek words: chaite, which ways "bristle" or "spine", and oura which ways "tail". This is an apt description of the bird's tail, as the shafts of all x tail feathers (rectrices) end in precipitous, protruding points.[ten] The specific proper noun pelagica is derived from the Greek word pelagikos, which means "of the bounding main".[11] This is thought to be a reference to its nomadic lifestyle rather than to any reference to the sea,[12] a theory strengthened by the afterward assignment of the specific name pelasgia (after the nomadic Pelasgi tribe of ancient Greece) to the aforementioned species by other ornithologists.[eleven] Its common name refers to its preferred nesting site and its speedy flight.[xiii]

Clarification [edit]

This is a medium-sized swift, measuring from 12 to 15 cm (iv.seven to 5.9 in) in length,[nb 1] with a wingspan of 27 to xxx cm (eleven to 12 in) and a weight ranging from 17 to 30 g (0.sixty to one.06 oz).[fifteen] The sexes are identical in feather,[16] though males average slightly heavier than females.[16] The adult's plumage is a dark sooty olive above and grayish brown below, with a slightly paler rump and uppertail covert feathers, and a significantly paler throat.[17] Its upperparts are the most uniformly colored of all the Chaetura swifts, showing petty dissimilarity between back and rump.[18] Its nib is blackness, as are its feet and legs. Its iris is night brown.[xix] Juvenal plumage (that held past juvenile birds) is very similar to that of adults, but with whitish tips to the outer webs of the secondaries and tertials.[20]

The chimney swift's wings are slender, curved and long,[21] extending equally much as 1.5 in (three.8 cm) across the bird'southward tail when folded.[22] Its wingtips are pointed, which helps to decrease air turbulence (and therefore drag) during flight.[23] Its humerus (the bone in the inner part of the wing) is quite short, while the bones farther out (more than distally) along the wing are elongated, a combination which allows the bird to flap very apace.[24] In flight, it holds its wings stiffly, alternating between rapid, quivering flaps and longer glides. Its flight profile is widely described every bit a "cigar with wings"—a description starting time used by Roger Tory Peterson.[21] Although the bird often appears to trounce its wings asynchronously during flying, photographic and stroboscopic studies have shown that it beats them in unison. The illusion that it does otherwise is heightened by its very fast and highly erratic flight, with many rapid changes of direction.[25]

The legs of the chimney swift, like those of all swifts, are very short.[26] Its feet are small only potent, with very curt toes that are tipped with sharp, curved claws.[24] The toes are anisodactyl—three forward, one back—like those of virtually birds, merely the chimney swift can swivel its back toe (its hallux) forrad to aid it get a better grip. Dissimilar the legs and anxiety of most birds, those of the chimney swift have no scales; instead, they are covered with shine peel.[10]

Its tail is short and square,[27] measuring only 4.eight to 5.5 cm (one.90 to 2.xv in) in length.[19] All x of its tail feathers have shafts which extend as much equally 1.3 cm (0.5 in) beyond the vanes, ending in precipitous, potent points.[10] These assist the bird to prop itself against vertical surfaces.[28]

The chimney swift has big, deep set eyes. These are protected by small patches of coarse, blackness, bristly feathers, which are located in front of each eye. The swift can alter the angle of these feathers, which may help to reduce glare. It is far-sighted and, like some birds of casualty, this swift is bifoveal: each eye having both a temporal and a central fovea.[nb 2] These are pocket-size depressions in the retina where visual acuity is highest,[29] and help to make its vision especially astute.[30] Like most vertebrates, it is able to focus both eyes at once; however, it is also able to focus a single center independently.[29]

Its bill is very pocket-size, with a culmen that measures a mere 5 mm (0.twenty in) in length.[31] Nevertheless, its gape is huge, extending back below its eyes, and allowing the bird to open up its mouth very widely.[32] Dissimilar many insectivorous birds, it lacks rictal bristles at the base of the nib.[33]

Similar species [edit]

The chimney swift looks very much like the closely related Vaux'southward swift, just is slightly larger, with relatively longer wings and tail, slower wingbeats[34] and a greater trend to soar.[27] It tends to exist darker on the breast and rump than the Vaux's swift, though there is some overlap in plumage coloring.[34] It can be as much as 30 percent heavier than Vaux'due south swift, and its wings, which are proportionately narrower, show a pronounced bulge in the inner secondaries.[35] The chimney swift is smaller, paler and shorter tailed than the black swift.[34] In Fundamental America, it is near like to Chapman'south swift, but information technology is paler (matte olive rather than glossy black) and has a stronger contrast between its stake throat and the residual of its underparts than does its more uniformly colored relative.[17]

Distribution and habitat [edit]

Chimney swifts, similar these in a chimney in Missouri, United states of america, roost communally when not convenance.

A widespread breeding company to much of the eastern half of the United States and the southern reaches of eastern Canada, the chimney swift migrates to Southward America for the winter. It is a rare summer visitor to the western U.S,[36] and has been recorded as a vagrant in Anguilla, Barbados, Greenland, Jamaica, Portugal, the Great britain and the U.S. Virgin Islands.[1] It is found over open up land, savanna, wooded slopes and humid forests.[37]

The chimney swift'southward wintering grounds were only discovered in 1944, when bands from birds banded (ringed) in Due north America were recovered in Peru.[38] An ethnic Peruvian had been wearing the bands as a necklace.[39]

Beliefs [edit]

The chimney swift is a gregarious species, and is seldom seen lonely. Information technology generally hunts in groups of ii or 3, migrates in loose flocks of 6–twenty, and (once the breeding season is over) sleeps in huge communal roosts of hundreds or thousands of birds.[21] Like all swifts, it is a superb aerialist, and only rarely seen at balance. It drinks on the wing, skimming the surface of the water with its beak.[40] It as well bathes on the wing, gliding above the surface of a trunk of h2o, briefly smacking its chest into the water, and so flying off again, shaking its feathers equally information technology goes.[xv] Information technology has been recorded by pilots flying more than a mile above the surface of the earth, including one seen at 7,300 ft (2,200 1000).[41] It is incapable of perching upright like well-nigh birds do; instead, it clings to vertical surfaces.[34] If it is disturbed while at residue, the chimney swift volition clap its wings loudly once or twice against its body; it does this either in identify, or while dropping downwards several anxiety to a lower location. This beliefs can result in a loud "thundering" sound if large roosts of the birds are disturbed. The sound is idea to be the bird'south way of scaring away potential predators.[42]

Feeding [edit]

Like all swifts, the chimney swift forages on the wing.[15] Studies have shown that 95 percent of its nutrient items are flight insects, including various species of flies, ants, wasps, bees, whiteflies, aphids, scale insects, stoneflies and mayflies. Information technology besides eats airborne spiders globe-trotting on their threads.[xl] It is an important predator of pest species such as the cherry-red imported burn down ant[43] and the clover root curculio.[44] Researchers estimate that a pair of adults provisioning a nest with iii youngsters eat the weight equivalent of at least 5000–6000 housefly-sized insects per day.[45] Like many bird species, the chimney swift periodically coughs upwardly pellets composed of indigestible bits of prey items.[46]

During the convenance season, at least half of the chimney swift's forays occur within 0.5 km (0.iii mi) of its nest; however, information technology ranges upwards to 6 km (3.7 mi) away.[47] While most of its food is seized post-obit aeriform pursuit, some is gleaned from the foliage of copse; the bird hovers nigh the ends of branches or drops through upper canopy levels.[48] The chimney swift by and large flies quite loftier, though it descends during cold or rainy weather.[49] When feeding, it regularly occurs in small groups, and sometimes hunts with swallows, particularly barn swallows and purple martins;[21] in mixed-species flocks, it is typically among the lower fliers.[31] In that location is at least ane tape of a chimney swift attempting to steal a dragonfly from a regal martin, and information technology has been observed chasing other purple martins.[50] In general, it is a diurnal feeder which remains agile into early evening. However, there are records, specially during migration periods, of chimney swifts feeding well after dark over brightly lit buildings.[51]

The species shows 2-weight peaks each twelvemonth: one at the showtime of the breeding season, and a higher one soon before it begins its migration due south in the autumn. Its everyman weights are typically recorded during the breeding season, when it besides begins a complete molt of its plumage. The chimney swift'south weight gain before migration is smaller than that of some passerines, suggesting that it must refuel en route at various stopover points.[52]

Breeding [edit]

The nest is made of small-scale, brusque twigs glued together with saliva.

The chimney swift is a monogamous breeder which normally mates for life, though a small percentage of birds modify partners.[53] Pairs perform display flights together, gliding with their wings upraised in a steep "V", and sometimes rocking from side to side. Convenance birds make it as early as mid March in the southern U.S., and equally late equally mid-May in the Canadian provinces.[20]

Before the arrival of European colonists into N America, the chimney swift nested in hollow trees; now, information technology uses human-built structures well-nigh exclusively.[28] While the occasional nest is still built in a hollow tree (or, exceptionally, in an abandoned woodpecker nest),[54] near are now found within chimneys, with smaller numbers in airshafts, the nighttime corners of lightly used buildings, cisterns,[55] or wells.[56] The nest is a shallow bracket made of sticks, which the birds gather in flying, breaking them off trees. The sticks are glued together (and the nest to a vertical surface) with copious amounts of the bird'south saliva.[57] During the breeding flavour, each adult'southward salivary glands more than double in size, from 7 mm × two mm (0.276 in × 0.079 in) in the non-breeding flavour to 14 mm × five mm (0.55 in × 0.20 in) during the breeding flavor.[16]

Dissimilar some swift species, which mate in flight, chimney swifts mate while clinging to a vertical surface near their nest.[58] They copulate daily, until the clutch is complete.[59] The female typically lays 4–five eggs,[57] though clutch sizes range from two to 7.[59] The eggs, which are long and elliptical in shape, are moderately glossy, smooth and white, and mensurate twenty mm × 13 mm (0.79 in × 0.51 in).[57] Each weighs nearly ten per centum of the female's body weight.[59] Incubated by both parents, the eggs hatch later 19 days. Infant chimney swifts are altricial—naked, blind and helpless when they hatch. Fledglings get out the nest after a month.[57]

The average chimney swift's life bridge is 4.6 years,[60] but one is known to have lived more than xiv years. It was originally banded as an adult, and was recaptured in another banding operation some 12.5 years later on.[61]

Predators and parasites [edit]

Mississippi kites, peregrine falcons and merlins are raptors that are known to take adult chimney swifts in flight, existence among the select few avian hunters fast enough to overtake the appropriately named swift on the fly.[62] Eastern screech-owls take been seen attacking colonies, every bit take not-avian predators including eastern rat snakes, northern raccoons and tree squirrels. These are most likely to take nestlings but may accept some nesting adults also.[63] [64] When disturbed past potential predators (including humans) at the colony, adult chimney swifts slap their wings together after arching back and taking flying, making a very loud dissonance known either as "booming" or "thunder noises". When disturbed, nestlings make a loud, raspy raah, raah, raah sound. Both sounds seem designed to startle potential predators.[65] [66]

The chimney swift carries a number of internal and external parasites. Information technology is the type host for the nematode species Aproctella nuda,[67] the plumage mite species Euchineustathia tricapitosetosa,[68] and the biting lice species Dennyus dubius,[69] and is as well known to carry the tapeworm species Pseudochoanotaenia collocaliae.[70] Its nest is known to host the Hemiptera species Cimexopsis nyctali, which is similar to the bed bug and can (on rare occasions) get a pest species in houses.[71] [72]

Vocalisation [edit]

The chimney swift has a twittering call, consisting of a rapid serial of hard, high-pitched chirps. It sometimes gives single chirps.[34]

Conservation condition [edit]

Purpose built towers tin provide nesting and roosting locations.

In 2010, the International Spousal relationship for Conservation of Nature changed the chimney swift's condition from least concern to most threatened. In 2018, the IUCN changed the chimney swift's status from near threatened to vulnerable. Although the global population is estimated at 7,700,000, it has declined precipitously across the bulk of its range.[1] The causes of population declines are largely unclear, but may be related to the alteration of the insect community due to pesticide use in the early one-half of the 20th century.[73] In Canada, they were listed as threatened by COSEWIC for several years with a likely future listing every bit a Schedule 1 species of the Species at Take a chance Act. In the U.Due south., the chimney swift is protected past the Migratory Bird Treaty Deed of 1918. Neither birds nor nests tin exist removed from chimneys without a federally-issued allow.[74] Populations may have increased historically with the introduction of chimneys to North America by European settlers, providing plentiful nesting opportunities.[ citation needed ]

After sudden temperature drops, the chimney swift sometimes hunts low over concrete roads (presumably following insect prey drawn to the warmer road), where collisions with vehicles become more likely.[75] Severe storms, such equally hurricanes, encountered during migration can seriously affect the chimney'southward swift's survival rates. Swifts caught up in 2005'south Hurricane Wilma were swept as far north as Atlantic Canada and Western Europe. More than than 700 were establish dead. The following yr, roost counts in the province of Quebec, Canada showed a decrease of 62 percent, and the overall population in the province was halved.[76]

History of observation [edit]

In 1899, Mary Day of New Jersey observed a pair of chimney swifts nesting in a chimney, and noted the incubation period was 19 days. The first detailed report of chimney swifts began in 1915 past self-taught ornithologist Althea Sherman in Iowa. She commissioned a 28 foot tall tower, of a similar design to a chimney, with ladders and peep holes installed to facilitate observation. Chimney swifts nested in her belfry, and for over fifteen years, she meticulously recorded her observations, filling over 400 pages.[77] Sherman remarked that although the tower had been designed with a limited knowledge of the nesting behaviour of chimney swifts, after many years of observation she believed that the original design was ideal.[78]

Notes [edit]

  1. ^ By convention, length is measured from the tip of the bill to the tip of the tail on a dead bird (or skin) laid on its back.[14]
  2. ^ For more data, see Anatomy of the eye section in the Bird vision article

References [edit]

  1. ^ a b c BirdLife International (2018). "Chaetura pelagica". IUCN Cerise List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T22686709A131792415. doi:10.2305/IUCN.United kingdom.2018-2.RLTS.T22686709A131792415.en . Retrieved 21 March 2022.
  2. ^ a b c Cory, Charles B. (March 1918). Publication 197: Catalogue of Birds of the Americas. Vol. 13, role 2. Chicago, IL, USA: Field Museum of Natural History. p. 137.
  3. ^ Stephens / Macquart; Dipt. exot., Suppl. 4, 271 (ex Mém. Soc. Sci. Lille, 1850 (1851), 244) Archived 2016-04-12 at the Wayback Automobile.
  4. ^ Feduccia, Alan, ed. (1999). Catesby'due south Birds of Colonial America. Chapel Hill, NC, USA: University of North Carolina Press. p. 78. ISBN978-0-8078-4816-vi.
  5. ^ Audubon, John James (1840). The Birds of America, vol. 1. Philadelphia, PA, United states of america: J. B. Chevalier. p. 164.
  6. ^ Ridgway, Robert; Friedmann, Herbert (1901). The birds of North and Eye America. Washington, D.C.: Government Publishing Office. pp. 714–719. ISBN9780598370372.
  7. ^ Clements, James F.; Diamond, Jared; White, Anthony Westward.; Fitzpatrick, John W. (2007). The Clements Checklist of Birds of the World (6th ed.). Ithaca, NY, USA: Cornell University Printing. p. 188. ISBN978-0-8014-4501-nine.
  8. ^ Newton, Ian (2003). Speciation and Biogeography of Birds. London, United kingdom: Academic Press. p. 296. ISBN978-0-08-092499-1.
  9. ^ Chantler (1999b), p. 443.
  10. ^ a b c Kyle & Kyle (2005), p. 15.
  11. ^ a b Jobling, James A. (2010). Captain Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London, UK: Christopher Helm. p. 295. ISBN978-one-4081-2501-4.
  12. ^ Dunne, Pete (2003). Pete Dunne on Bird Watching: The How-to, Where-to, and When-to of Birding. New York, NY, USA: Houghton Mifflin. p. 69. ISBN978-0-395-90686-6.
  13. ^ Fergus, Charles (2000). Wildlife of Pennsylvania and the Northeast. Mechanicsburg, PA, United states: Stackpole Books. p. 268. ISBN978-0-8117-2899-seven.
  14. ^ Cramp, Stanley, ed. (1977). Handbook of the Birds of Europe, the Middle East and North Africa: Birds of the Western Palearctic, Book 1, Ostrich to Ducks. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Printing. p. 3. ISBN978-0-nineteen-857358-6.
  15. ^ a b c "Chimney Swift". All about birds. Cornell Laboratory of Ornithology. Retrieved 29 November 2012.
  16. ^ a b c Johnston, David West. (March–Apr 1958). "Sexual practice and Historic period Characters and Salivary Glands of the Chimney Swift" (PDF). The Condor. sixty (2): 73–84. doi:10.2307/1365265. JSTOR 1365265.
  17. ^ a b Ridgely, Robert S.; Gwynne, John A. (1989). A Guide to the Birds of Panama: With Costa rica, Nicaragua and Republic of honduras. Princeton, NJ, United states: Princeton University Printing. p. 201. ISBN978-0-691-02512-4.
  18. ^ Chantler (1999a), p. 185.
  19. ^ a b Barrows, Walter Bradford (1912). Michigan Bird Life. Lansing, MI, USA: Michigan Agricultural Higher. p. 387.
  20. ^ a b "Chimney Swift". National Geographic Society. Retrieved 19 Dec 2012.
  21. ^ a b c d Dunne, Pete (2006). Pete Dunne's Essential Field Companion . New York, NY, U.s.a.: Houghton, Mifflin. p. 351. ISBN978-0-618-23648-0.
  22. ^ Blanchan, Neltje (1903). Bird Neighbors. New York, NY, U.s.a.: Doubleday and McClure. p. 67. ISBN9781417935871. LCCN 04010747.
  23. ^ Henderson, Carrol L.; Adams, Steve (2008). Birds in Flying: The Art and Science of How Birds Wing . Minneapolis, MN, Us: Voyageur Press. p. 89. ISBN978-0-7603-3392-ane.
  24. ^ a b Collins, Charles T. (2001). "Swifts". In Elphick, Chris; Dunning Jr., John B.; Sibley, David (eds.). The Sibley Guide to Bird Life and Behaviour. London, U.k.: Christopher Helm. pp. 353–356. ISBN978-0-7136-6250-4.
  25. ^ Savile, D. B. O. (Oct 1950). "The Flight Machinery of Swifts and Hummingbirds" (PDF). The Auk. 67 (4): 499–504. doi:ten.2307/4081091. JSTOR 4081091.
  26. ^ Coues, Elliott (1872). Primal to N American Birds. Salem, MA, Usa: Naturalists' Agency. p. 45. LCCN 06017833.
  27. ^ a b Dunn, Jon L.; Alderfer, Johnathon, eds. (2006). National Geographic Field Guide to the Birds of North America (5th ed.). Washington, DC, USA: National Geographic. p. 270. ISBN978-0-7922-5314-3.
  28. ^ a b Burton, Maurice; Burton, Robert, eds. (2002). "Spinetail Swift". International Wildlife Encyclopedia (3rd ed.). Tarrytown, NY, USA: Marshall Cavendish. p. 2484. ISBN978-0-7614-7266-7.
  29. ^ a b Chantler (1999b), p. 391.
  30. ^ Wood, Casey Albert (1917). The Fundus Oculi of Birds, Especially equally Viewed by the Ophthalmoscope. Chicago, IL, USA: Lakeside Press. pp. 56–58. LCCN 17016887.
  31. ^ a b Chantler (1999a), p. 187.
  32. ^ "Swifts". The Encyclopedia Americana, vol. 26. New York, NY, United states of america: Encyclopedia Americana Corporation. 1920. p. 133.
  33. ^ Surface, H. A. (May 1905). "Family 21, Micropodidae: The Swifts". The Zoological Quarterly Bulletin. 3 (1): 22.
  34. ^ a b c d e Sibley, David Allen (2000). The Sibley Guide to Birds. New York, NY, USA: Alfred A. Knopf. p. 290. ISBN978-0-679-45122-8.
  35. ^ Sibley, David (11 October 2010). "Identifying Chimney and Vaux's Swifts by fly shape". Sibley Guides. Retrieved 2 December 2012.
  36. ^ Kaufman, Kenn (2005). Kaufman Field Guide to Birds of North America. New York, NY, U.s.a.: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 228. ISBN978-0-618-57423-0.
  37. ^ Edwards, Ernest Preston (1998). A Field Guide to the Birds of Mexico and Adjacent Areas: Belize, Guatemala and El Salvador . Austin, TX, USA: University of Texas Press. p. seventy. ISBN978-0-292-72092-3.
  38. ^ Lincoln, Frederick C. (October 1944). "Chimney Swift's Winter Home Discovered" (PDF). The Auk. 61 (4): 604–609. doi:10.2307/4080181. JSTOR 4080181.
  39. ^ Wilson, James D. (2001). Mutual Birds of Due north America: An Expanded Guidebook . Minocqua, WI, USA: Willow Creek Press. p. 65. ISBN978-1-57223-301-0.
  40. ^ a b Wauer, Roland H. (1999). Heralds of Leap in Texas . Higher Station, TX, USA: Texas A & Chiliad University Printing. p. 141. ISBN978-0-89096-879-half-dozen.
  41. ^ Williams, George G. (March 1956). "Altitudinal Records for Chimney Swifts" (PDF). The Wilson Bulletin. 68 (1): 71–72. JSTOR 4158462.
  42. ^ Dexter, Ralph W. (1946). "More concerning the thundering and clapping sounds of the Chimney Swift" (PDF). The Auk. 63 (iii): 439–440. doi:10.2307/4080136. JSTOR 4080136.
  43. ^ Whitcomb, W. H.; Bhatkar, A.; Nickerson, J. C. (December 1973). "Predators of Solenopsis invicta Queens Prior to Successful Colony Establishment". Ecology Entomology. 2 (half dozen): 1101–1103. doi:10.1093/ee/2.half-dozen.1101.
  44. ^ Webster, Francis Marion (27 February 1915). "Alfalfa attacked by the clover root circulio". U. S. Department of Agriculture Farmers' Bulletin. 649: 1–eight.
  45. ^ Woods, Gordon T. (Oct 1940). "Chimney Swifts Destroy Many Insects" (PDF). Bird-Banding. 11 (4): 173–174.
  46. ^ Duke, Gary E. (Apr 1977). "Pellet Egestion by a Convict Chimney Swift (Chaetura pelagica)" (PDF). The Auk. 94 (2): 385. JSTOR 4085119.
  47. ^ Tiner, Tim (2009-12-04). "Chimney Swift". Ontario Nature. Retrieved 15 January 2013.
  48. ^ George, William G. (Jan 1971). "Leaf-gleaning by Chimney Swifts (Chaetura pelagica)" (PDF). The Auk. 88 (1): 177. doi:10.2307/4083983. JSTOR 4083983.
  49. ^ Crossley, Richard (2011). The Crossley ID Guide: Eastern Birds . Princeton, NJ, USA: Princeton University Press. p. 322. ISBN978-0-691-14778-9.
  50. ^ Brown, Charles R. (Fall 1980). "Chimney Swift Tries to Steal Casualty from Majestic Martin" (PDF). Journal of Field Ornithology. 51 (4): 372–373.
  51. ^ Cottam, Clarence (Oct 1932). "Nocturnal Habits of the Chimney Swift" (PDF). The Auk. 49 (4): 479–481. doi:10.2307/4076440. JSTOR 4076440.
  52. ^ Collins, Charles T.; Bull, Evelyn 50. "Seasonal Variation in Body Mass of Chimney and Vaux's Swifts" (PDF). Northward American Bird Bander. 21 (4): 143–152.
  53. ^ Dexter, Ralph W. (April 1992). "Sociality of Chimney Swifts (Chaetura pelagica) Nesting in a Colony" (PDF). N American Bird Bander. 17 (ii): 61–64.
  54. ^ Hofslund, P. B. (June 1958). "Chimney Swift nesting in an abandoned Pileated Woodpecker hole" (PDF). The Wilson Message. 70 (2): 192.
  55. ^ Hyde, A. Sydney (January 1924). "Chimney Swift Nesting in a Cistern" (PDF). The Auk. 41 (1): 157–158. doi:10.2307/4074113. JSTOR 4074113.
  56. ^ Rogers, Charles H. (July 1917). "Chimney Swift Nesting in a Well" (PDF). The Auk. 34 (3): 337. doi:10.2307/4072224. JSTOR 4072224.
  57. ^ a b c d Baicich, Paul J.; Harrison, Colin J. O. (1977). Nests, Eggs, and Nestlings of North American Birds (2nd ed.). Princeton, NJ, U.s.: Princeton University Printing. p. 195. ISBN978-0-691-12295-3.
  58. ^ Kyle & Kyle (2005), p. 38
  59. ^ a b c Kyle & Kyle (2005), p. 39
  60. ^ Dexter, Ralph W. (July 1969). "Banding and Nesting Studies of the Chimney Swift, 1944–1968". The Ohio Journal of Scientific discipline. 69 (iv): 193–213. hdl:1811/5474.
  61. ^ "Longevity Records of N American Birds". U.S. Geological Survey. Retrieved 5 December 2012.
  62. ^ Steeves, Tanner Yard.; Kearney-McGee, Shannon B.; Rubega, Margaret A.; Cink, Calvin L.; Collins, Charles T. (2014). A. Poole (ed.). "Chimney Swift (Chaetura pelagica)". The Birds of North America Online. doi:10.2173/bna.646.
  63. ^ Cink, Calvin L. (Summer 1990). "Serpent Predation on Chimney Swift Nestlings" (PDF). Journal of Field Ornithology. 61 (3): 288–289.
  64. ^ Laskey, A. R. 1946. Snake depredation at birds' nests. Wilson Balderdash. 58:217-218.
  65. ^ Dexter, R. West. 1946. More concerning the thundering and clapping sounds of the Chimney Swift. Auk 63:439-440.
  66. ^ Fischer, R. B. 1958. The breeding biology of the Chimney Swift, Chaetura pelagica (Linnaeus). N.Y. State Mus. Sci. Serv. Bull. 368:1-139.
  67. ^ Hamann, C. B. (March 1940). "Notes on Aproctella nuda sp. nov. a Filarioid Nematode from the Chimney Swift Chaetura pelagica (Linn.)". American Midland Naturalist. 23 (2): 390–392. doi:10.2307/2420671. JSTOR 2420671.
  68. ^ Peterson, Paul; Atyeo, Warren T.; Moss, West. Vayne (1980). Plume Mite Family unit Eustathiidae (Aracina: Sarcoptiformes). Monograph. Philadelphia, PA, United states: University of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. p. 32. ISBN9781422319277. ISSN 0096-7750.
  69. ^ Ewing, H. E. (1930). "The taxonomy and host relationships of the biting lice of the genera Dennyus and Eureum, including the descriptions of a new genus, subgenus and four species". Proceedings of the Us National Museum. 77 (2843): ane–16. doi:10.5479/si.00963801.77-2843.1.
  70. ^ Manter, H. W.; Snyder, Raymond (Apr 1961). "Pseudochoanotaenia (Cestoda) in a Chimney Swift (Chaetura pelagica) in Due north America". The Periodical of Parasitology. 47 (2): 230. doi:10.2307/3275293. JSTOR 3275293.
  71. ^ Boyd, Elizabeth One thousand. (Dec 1951). "The External Parasites of Birds: A Review" (PDF). The Wilson Bulletin. 63 (4): 363–369.
  72. ^ Kell, Stephen A.; Hahn, Jeff. "Prevention and control of bed bugs in residences". University of Minnesota Extension. Archived from the original on 28 September 2012. Retrieved 27 September 2012.
  73. ^ Nocera, J; et al. (2012). "Historical pesticide applications coincided with an altered diet of aerially foraging insectivorous chimney swifts". Proceedings of the Royal Club B: Biological Sciences. 279 (1740): 3114–3120. doi:10.1098/rspb.2012.0445. PMC3385487. PMID 22513860.
  74. ^ "Chimney Swifts: What'south in my chimney". Maryland Department of Natural Resource. Archived from the original on 24 June 2015. Retrieved 4 December 2012.
  75. ^ Finnis, R. G. (January 1960). "Road Casualties Amid Birds". Bird Study. 7 (1): 21–32. doi:10.1080/00063656009475957.
  76. ^ Dionne, Mark; Maurice, Cėline; Gauthier, Jean; Shaffer, François (December 2008). "Impact of Hurricane Wilma on migrating birds: the case of the Chimney Swift". The Wilson Journal of Ornithology. 120 (four): 784–792. doi:x.1676/07-123.one. S2CID 85862924.
  77. ^ Paul D. Kyle (2005). Chimney Swifts: America's Mysterious Birds Above The Fireplace. Texas A & M Academy Printing.
  78. ^ Althea Sherman (1952). Birds of an Iowa Dooryard. University of Iowa Press.

Cited texts [edit]

  • Chantler, Phil (1999a). Swifts: A Guide to the Swifts and Treeswifts of the World (2nd ed.). London, Great britain: Pica Press. ISBN978-1-8734-0383-9.
  • Chantler, Phil (1999b). "Family Apodidae (Swifts)". In del Hoyo, Josep; Elliott, Andrew; Sargatal, Jordi (eds.). Handbook of Birds of the Globe, vol. 5: Barn-owls to Hummingbirds. Barcelona, Spain: Lynx Edicions. pp. 388–466. ISBN978-84-87334-25-2.
  • Kyle, Paul D.; Kyle, Georgean Z. (2005). Chimney Swifts: America'south Mysterious Birds Higher up the Fireplace. College Station, TX, United states of america: Texas A&M Academy Press. ISBN978-one-58544-371-0.

External links [edit]

  • Birds of the Earth - Chimney Swift
  • Chimney Swift Conservation Project—Driftwood Wildlife Clan
  • Ralph W. Dexter research on chimney swift
  • Photos from Flickr's Field Guide Birds of the Earth
  • "Chimney swift media". Internet Bird Collection.
  • Sound recording at Florida Museum of Natural History
  • Sound recordings of chimney swift on Xeno-canto.
  • Chimney swift photo gallery at VIREO (Drexel Academy)

vaughngrettests.blogspot.com

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chimney_swift

0 Response to "The Field Guide Art of Roger Tory Peterson Eastern Birds"

Post a Comment

Subscribe to: Post Comments (Atom)

Iklan Atas Artikel

Iklan Tengah Artikel 1

Iklan Tengah Artikel 2

Iklan Bawah Artikel